ABSTRACT

This motorized Two-wheel scooter is specifically designed for low speed, and hence is more suitable for short distance commute. It incorporates a mild steel frame which houses the transmission mechanism. This transmission system in its self is a motor- chain-sprocket assembly: a 350w DC motor powered by a 24v, 18A battery generates sufficient torque which is transmitted by a 16 toothed sprocket through a chain comprising of 64 links to a rear sprocket (22 teeth) attached to the rear wheel. On either side of the handle bar is the brake lever (left) and speed controller (right) for ease of navigation. The stress analysis reviled that the maximum stress induced on the frame due to design load is 49.156N/m². The maximum design load of this scooter is 686.7N, and from the graph analysis the scooter travels at a maximum velocity of 0.51m/s. The graph also reviled that the velocity of the scooter is inversely proportional to the load. Similarly, the discharge rate of the battery increases as the load is increased. Also, the scooter velocity is directly proportional to the rate of battery discharge. The continuous working time of the battery is 40min at rated load and normal working condition. This scooter apart from providing a reliable transportation alternative provide reprieve for the severely threatened ozone layer and the environment in general being that it is toxic emission free.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page                                                                                                 i

Title page                                                                                                    ii

Certification                                                                                                iii

Approval                                                                                                    iv

Dedication                                                                                                  v

Acknowledgement                                                                                      vi

Abstract                                                                                                      vii

Table of  Contents                                                                                                viii

List of  Tables                                                                                             ix

List of  Figures                                                                                           x

List of Symbols and Abbreviations                                                            xi

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                                1

1.2     Problem Statement                                                                            3

• Aim and Objectives 4
• Significance of The Project 4
• Scope and Limitations 5

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature Review

2.1     Kick Scooter                                                                                     6

2.2     Electric Kick Scooter                                                                        8

2.3     Electric Motor                                                                                   9

2.3.1  Brushed Electric Motor                                                                     9

2.3.2  Brushless Electric Motor                                                                            10

2.3.3  Hub Motor                                                                                        11

2.4     Electric Scooter Battery                                                                              12

2.4.1  Nickel Metal Hydride Battery (NiMH)                                              12

2.4.2  Sealed Lead Acid Battery (SLA)                                                       13

2.4.3  Lithium-ion Battery (Li-ion)                                                             14

2.5     The Electric Scooter Speed Controller                                              15

2.6     Mobility Scooter                                                                               16

2.7     Motor Scooter                                                                                   19

2.8     Solar Electric Scooter                                                           20

2.9     Hybrid Scooter                                                                                 22

2.10   Pedal Scooter                                                                                    22

2.11   Pedal Scooter                                                                                    23

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Materials and Methods                                                                     26

3.1     Principle of Operation                                                                      26

3.2     Functional Design                                                                                       27

3.2.1  Design Philosophy                                                                           27

3.2.2  Design Considerations                                                                      28

3.2.3 Components of the Machine                                                              28

3.2.4  DC Motor                                                                                          29

3.2.5  Sprockets Selection                                                                           32

3.2.6  Chain Dimensions                                                                                      33

3.2.7  Battery                                                                                             34

3.2.8  Frame Design                                                                                    35

3.2.9  Speed Control Mechanism                                                                38

3.3 Machine Construction                                                                          39

3.4 Bill of Engineering Measurement and Cost Evaluation                        40

3.4.1: Bill of Engineering Measurement (BEME)                                       40

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Results, Observations and Discussion                                                        42

4.1     Machine Testing                                                                                42

4.1.1 Procedures for Test Running the Motorized Scooter                         42

4.2     Results                                                                                              42

4.3     Discussion                                                                                        46

4.3.1  Machine Efficiency                                                                            46

4.3.2    Scooter Maintenance and Safety                                                    47

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Conclusion and Recommendations                                                   49

5.1    Conclusion                                                                                         49

5.2      Recommendations                                                                           50

References

Appendix

 

 

List of Symbols and Abbreviations

S/N	Symbols/Abbreviations	Meaning	Unit
1	A	Current (Ampere)	Amp
2	CAD	Computer Aided Design
3	C	Center distance	in
4	cm	Centimetre	cm
5	mm	Millimetre	mm
6	Inch	Inches	in
7	kg	Kilogram	Kg
8	L	Chain length	pitche
9	m	Meter	m
10	N	Newton	N
11	RPM	Revolutions Per Minute	N
12	V	Velocity	m/s
13	W	Watt
14	P	Power	w
15	Ʈ	Torque	N-m
16	η	Efficiency	%
17	%	Percentage
18	π	Pi
19	ω	Angular Velocity	Rad/
20	Ω	Resistance	Ohms
21	σ	Principal/Normal Stress	N/m2
22	τ	Shear Stress	N/m2

 

 

 

List of Figures

Fig.2.1           Pictorial view of a kick scooter (made by Razor)

Fig.2.2           Pictorial view of an electric kick scooter

Fig.2.3           Solar electric scooter

Fig.2.4           Pedal scooter

Fig.2.5           Volker et al Pedal Scooter

Fig.3.1. Complete isometric view of the scooter design without coverings

Fig.3.2        DC motor

Fig.3.3        Sprockets

Fig.3.4        Scooter Frame

Fig. 4.1       Graph of load against velocity

Fig. 4.2       Graph of load against battery discharge time

Fig. 4.3       Velocity against discharge graph for design load

 

List of Tables

Table 3.1 battery current and corresponding resistance required

Table 3.2    Bill of engineering measurement

Table 4.1    Speed for various test load range

Table 4.2    Discharge rate for designed load (686.7N) at various speed

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of study

 

In recent years, there have been increasing government and public interest in energy issues generally and particularly in electro-mobility. This is so because of the increasing effect of fossil fuels burnt by the automobile on the natural environment as well as on human health. A research carried out by (Ojolo S.J. et al, 2017) on the effect of vehicles emissions on human health in Nigeria showed significant physical effect of these emissions on vegetation’s, buildings and on structures.

The results from the research on health also showed on the average that 28.3%, 16.6%, 23.3%, 18.3%, 13.3% of the population of people living in the neighborhood (Lagos-Oshodi,Mushin,Apapa and Fola Agara all in Nigeria) under study were affected by sleeplessness, running nose, heavy eyes, asthmatic attack and headache respectively.

To contend this menace, a lot of electro-mobile devices as well as solar powered automobiles have evolved. In the year 2015, the global threshold of electric cars on the road rose from 1 million to 1.26 million (Electric Vehicle Initiative, 2017) this shows the joint commitment of the government and industries towards securing affordable and clean energy for the human society.

A recent statement by the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport revealed that in Nigeria over 7 million vehicles ply the roads daily out of which 99.8% operate on fossil fuels (www.allafrica.com/stories).

It is unfortunate that even short distance transport systems in Nigeria still uses fossil fuel as it source of power which in its little way contributes to the degradation of the environment as well as the health of humans in the surrounding. The high risk of accidents in congested areas as well as high traffic noise warrant us to begin to consider a simpler, more economical and environment friendly means of transportation which can be adopted for use within short distances e.g. across companies complex, colleges campus, hospitals etc. There are several versions of scooters ranging from; the pedal scooters, electric scooters, internal combustion engine (motorized) scooters, kick scooters etc.

At the African Voices Series, (Adelekan, 2016) presented a lecture in which he highlighted some significant facts about the Nigerian Transport System. It was noted in the lecture that the demand for transport services in Nigeria exceeds the supply. The transport sector contribution to Nigeria’s GDP was given as 3%, with road transport being the predominant mode and accounts for more than 90% of the sub-sector’s contribution to the nations GDP. The total road network was stated as 200,000 km, out of which 65,000 km are bituminous roads.

Electric scooter as a means of transportation has not really been embraced by the Nigerian populace. The reason for this is not far-fetched from the cost of acquiring a unit of the current modern design and the opulence attached to its ownership. Consequently, electric scooters are thus seen as a luxury property rather than a bio-friendly alternative to greenhouse emission by conventional means of transportation. It is thus a no brainer what a low budget electric scooter will do not just to the economy(less spending on shuttle runs, less down time as a result of trekking between institution’s/company’s complex, more productivity), but also to the environment (less dependence on fossil fuel, less harmful gas emission, less noise pollution ).

The Nation’s population has skyrocketed, and finding convenient modes of transportation are high in demand.  In Nigeria, people who ride on bicycles or kick scooters are seen as belonging to the lower socioeconomic class or simply unserious. No doubt, riding on a bicycle or a kick scooter aside from offering a relatively higher speed compared to trekking, is strenuous and energy sapping due to the need to continuously cycle the pedal as in the case of a bicycle or push ones foot against the ground as in the case of a kick scooter. For these reasons, the populace seem to pay less attention to them (bicycles and kick scooters), or use them as equipment for exercise rather than for transport. The emergence of electric scooter would address this issue as it does not require the riders’ effort for motion.

The electric scooter affords any millennia (age group) the freedom to make some short commutes. Perfect for students seeking to zip from class to class, and great for any fast-paced commuter looking to ditch their bus pass or cut down on hefty fuel prices–the electric scooter is estimated to become the must-have transportation means in the next two decades (https://swagtron.com).

With urban populations only on the rise, it’s time to put our minds to the proactive grindstone. Because too many cars already on every freeway and trains and buses struggling to keep up with each cities multiplying population, the time is rapidly approaching for commuters to take their transportation into their own hands.

 

1.2     Problem Statement

Road traffic depends on the pattern of human settlement, for this reason every type of road transportation means is not suitable for every settlement. Considering the high cost of transporting in commercial vehicles daily, the cumulative adverse effect of these commercial vehicles (which uses fossil fuel) on the environment and on the users, the time wastage in waiting to board a commercial vehicle, the inconveniences in accumulating many people per seat to get to a “stone throw” distance all gives enough reason to seek a more convenient, environment friendly and economically viable means of transporting people across short distances.

 

1.3   Aim and Objectives

The aim of this project is to design and construct an environment friendly low cost motorized scooter. To achieve this aim, the following objectives are to be followed;

• To design and construct a frame that will carry/support every other component of the scooter as well as the rider’s weight
• To design and set up the power transmission system (made of chain and sprocket) to transmit to the rear wheel
• To design and construct the handle bar to be attached to the front wheel for navigation
• To design and incorporate a braking system to be attached to the rear wheel
• To design a control module for switching on/off the scooter.

 

1.4   Significance of the Project

This project is designed to bridge the gap in short distance transportation across cities, colleges, hospitals, company complex etc. it will eliminate the need to wait for minutes or hours just to board a taxi to the next street. It will foster convenience in movement of people across short distances, save the environment in its little way from the harms of fossil fuel and cut the high cumulative cost of transportation across moderate distances on daily basis.

 

1.5   Scope and Limitations

The electric scooter in this project is designed to accommodate only the rider and its safe load should not exceed 60 kg mass. It does not provide for high speed, hence it is suitable for short distance commute and should not be used on highways.

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