Chapter 1
Introduction

Design is a critical aspect of civil engineering works. Drafting and drawing is essential for building and any construction works. However, efficient and effective erection of bungalows requires design consideration to satisfy the functional requirements of building and code of practice. Moreover, all the living units are on single compartments between the living areas.

According to (Wikipedia.com), Bungalows is a type of building originally refer to any single family unit as opposed to an apartment building which is the norm for middle class city dwellers thus drafting, drawing and design of bungalow is a necessity.

1.5          Background to the Study

Obviously, Bungalow is one of the most common structures both in rural and urban area. Practically speaking, erection of buildings in an environment is as important as in relation to development and civilization which cannot be over emphasized as history testifies that the provision of building is necessary to draw an environment out of the state fo underdevelopment. (Desau, M. et al. 2016).

Nevertheless, although land use plan in this modern world with technological advancement can be use for high-rise structure such as a single storey building having first floor with a stain for light between apartments. The thought of high-rise structure is base on the fact that it can accommodate more people on a small piece of land but still, Bungalow is the most commonest and less expensive to construct. A storey structure without a staircase for flight between apartments is considered to be a Bungalow. (wikipedia.com).

According to Downing, F et al (1981), Drafting, drawing and design of bungalow is necessary for efficient and effective erecttion as the plan serve as a building guide. Drafting and design of bungalows is based on the assumption that the geometry of deformation of section will be coherent under any given types of loading.

In line with the above points, Desai M. et al (2016), ascertain another reason for drafting, drawing and design of bungalows. Geometry deformation is a gesture always side with the basic functional requirements that make bungalows appealing for occupants. Such functional requirement includes weather and fire, resistance, good compressive strength, low cost economic purpose, serviceability state and ease access to an age people etc. these measures make bungalows the most preffered and easiest structure to be occupants.

1.6          Problems of the Study

Problem of constructing an appealing bungalows cannot be over emphasized, Bungalows has a detrimental phenomenon of geometry deformation fo section under any given types of loadings as against the basic functional requirements. This gesture required appropriate design of bungalows to fulfill its intended purpose.

1.7          Research Question of the Study

The following relevant research questions relating to the subject matter were constructed and asked accordingly on an open-end basis to allow for many information as could be divulges by respondents. Such research questions include consideration of building plan under modern design methods. The question includes:

1. Why is preparation of building plan necessary before embarking on any building structure?
2. Should functional requirements from code of practice be a consideration during design of building plan?
3. How does modern design method affect design completion time and cost effective?
4. Does improper design of bungalows be a problem fo geometry deformation?
5. Due to time, cost and stress constraints, should modern design technique be considered as a professional practice?
6. How can professional practice be encouraged?

1.8          Aims and Objectives
1.8.1      Aim

The aim of this research study is to draft, draw and designs two bedroom flat bungalow at Civil engineering department using modern technique as against traditional method.

1.8.2      Objectives

The following objectives shall be met on the course of this research study. They are:

1. The minimize cost, time and stress constraint.
2. To maximize profit in the entire expenditure.
3. To design based on code of practice for bungalow structures.
4. To ascertain the basic functional requirement.
5. To control the geometry deformation to section to structure under any type to loading.
6. Carrying out cost estimate of two bedrooms flat.

1.9          Limitation of the Study

The following parameters are factors that cause limitation of this research study they are:

1. Cost constraint
2. Time constraint
3. Stress constraint.

1.10        Significance of  the Study

The importance of this research work centered on the assumption that with appropriate design of building plan, engineers on site will be able to rely on the plan as a guide for the establishment of accurate foundation. Appropriate foundation will enable the engineer to reach the goal of the client in relation to functional requirements such as aesthetics, resistance to weather and fire etc. in addition, proper design of building plan will draw an environment out of the state under development to developed and civilization.

1.11        Scope of the Study

The project work covers drafting, drawing and designing as well as the cost estimate of constructing this two bedroom flat bungalow.

1.12        Definition of Terminologies

1.12.1    lintel:

Lintels or beams are horizontal member that carry loads from slabs, roof, and walls of upper floors to the column and transmit it finally to the ground.

1.12.2    Substructure:

It is that part of the building that is not seen which starts from the foundation to the plinth level.

1.12.3    Super Structure:

It is that part of the building that can be seen with the eyes and which starts from the plinth level to the roof level.

1.12.4    Bungalow:

Bungalow is a type of building originally refers to a single family unit as opposed to an apartment building with stair case for flight which is the norms for the middle class city dwellers.

1.12.5    Drafting:

Drafting is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is constructed.

1.12.6    Porches:

A veranda in a house, a small area at the entrance to a building for passages and parking fo vehicles.

1.12.7    Verandah:

A verandah is a porch or long, open room with a roof over it. It can be an open area with a roof that is build around a building at the center.

1.12.8    Sun-shade:

Control the sun with sunshades the primary purpose of a sunshade is to control the amount of direct sunlight through your building window.

1.12.9    Dilapidated structure:

A collapse structure or one in a state of repair.

1.12.10  Foyer:

A large open space inside the entrance of a meatre, hotel, or residential home where people can met, wait and talk (i.e. lobby).

1.8.12    Storey:  A storey is any level part of a building with a floor that could be used by people (for living, work, storage, recreation, etc). The plurals are storeys.
1.8.13    Sub Soil: Subsoil is the layer of soil under the top soil on the surface of the ground. Like topsoil it is composed of a variable mixture of small particles such as sand, silt and/or clay but with a much lower percentage of organic matter and humus.
1.8.14    Concrete:  Concrete is a composite material that comprises of coarse fine aggregate and bonded together with water and cement that solidifies over time.
1.8.15    Deformation:  Deformation refers to any changes in the shape or size to an object due to an applied forces or a change in temperature (the deformation energy in this case is transferred through heat.
1.8.16    Terrain: Terrain involves the vertical and horizontal dimensions of land surface. The term bathymetry is used to describe underwater relief, while hypsometry studies to sea level.
1.8.17    Topography: Topography is the study of the shape and features of the surface of the earth and other observable abnormal objects including planets, moons, and asteroids.
1.8.18    Ventilation: Ventilation the process of changing or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality. It is an international introduction to ambient air into a space and is mainly used to control indoor air quality.
1.8.19    Sub-Strata: Substrata are the underlying layer, especially of rock or soil below the ground. When you start to dig for a patio and.